Digestive Health

What is BM Tone-Up Gold?

This all-natural supplement is uniquely designed to address a feline's digestive system when there is occasional imbalance. The herbal ingredients in the formula work to "astringe and tone" the tissue lining of the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing the overactive motility and the bouts of urgency. Ultimately, this product keeps your cat more comfortable and, hopefully, keeps your carpets cleaner, too. The ingredients will not irritate the digestive tract. (Please use as directed.) Regardless of the cause, BM Tone-Up Gold can help support your feline's intestinal tract, and maintain more solid stools.

What is BM Tone-Up Gold used for?

Whether there has been dietary indiscretion or other potential causes are at play, BM Tone-Up Gold supports both the immune system (to combat microbes in the GI tract) and the gastrointestinal lining. The results should be a more normal transit time of food and water through the digestive tract, less frequent urges, and solid bowel movements.

The digestive tract is one of the body’s main areas of defense to deal with foreign microbes and irritants. Occasionally, our cats will ingest or be exposed to material they are not able to digest properly. Bacteria and viruses also are common causes of diarrhea. Their body's natural mechanisms work to expel the matter by increasing the muscle contractions of the intestines and flushing out the system. Because motility time is increased, the body does not have time to absorb as much water and the stools become more liquid. BM Tone-Up Gold targets the causes of this reaction and soothes the mucosal lining of the digestive tract.

Cat diarrhea is a very common problem and has many causes:

• Mild food poisoning from eating spoiled food
• Changes in diet
• Viral or bacterial infections
• Gastrointestinal parasites
• Stress

In many cases, the cat simply has a very sensitive stomach, or is reacting to stressful events such as a changed environment.

Extra tips:

• Ensure that your feline has constant access to fresh water. Replenishing lost water is essential to recovery.
• Note that bowel changes may also be a sign of food intolerance, sensitivity or allergy.
• Be sure your cat is not overeating.
• Do not feed your cat spoiled food.
• Remove access to garbage or toxic substances.
• If the condition persists or becomes severe, seek veterinary assistance immediately.

Why choose BM Tone-Up Gold for my feline friend?

• Certified organic and ethically wild-harvested: Our formulas are entirely prepared from organically grown and wild-harvested herbs from unpolluted, pristine areas in nature.
• Good Manufacturing Practices: All our formulas are manufactured in a facility that adheres to Good Manufacturing Practices.
• Full Spectrum Extract: The full biochemical spectrum of the herbs is preserved to ensure the potency of the extract. All raw materials are tested for identification and purity
• Every batch tested: Every batch of our BM Tone-Up Gold is tested to ensure the highest quality and potency. Every single batch.
• FDA-Registered Facility: Our manufacturing facility is FDA-registered. Strict quality control procedures are meticulously monitored.
• FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidelines: PetWellbeing.com complies with the provisions of the CVM's good guidance practices for pet dietary supplements. All ingredients and caution statements adhere to these national guidelines.
• It's Guaranteed: In addition to the superior quality of our products, you are also protected by our 90 day money-back guarantee.

Who makes BM Tone-Up Gold?

BM Tone-Up Gold is made by PetWellbeing.com, founded in 2001.

Our goal? To bring the wisdom and experience of our caring holistic veterinarians to your pet. When your pet is healthy; you are happy.

To fulfill our vision, our on-staff, holistic veterinarians have developed formulas using time-honored, traditional uses of herbs and integrated the latest scientific research. It is our aim to produce the best products for your pet that we can.

Your feline, their diet, constipation and flatulence

Constipation is a fairly common problem in felines. Particularly as they age. It isn't a disease, as such. It is simply a sign that there is some kind of problem in your cat's gastrointestinal system. This problem can be caused by a number of different things, even though the symptoms you see are all very similar. The problem may be something your cat has eaten and can't digest, a parasite or an infection they have picked up. Either way, they are uncomfortable and unhappy, and can use your help in making their discomfort go away.

What is Smooth BM Gold?

Smooth BM Gold is a tested, herbal formula for supporting gastrointestinal health and soft stools. The traditional name of the formula literally means “three fruits” (Triphala), known to provide regular tone and normal cleansing to the GI tract. This herbal combination is not habit-forming and will not cause purging or runny stools.

What is Smooth BM Gold used for?

The herbs in Smooth BM Gold work together to support regular peristalsis (normal, wave-like impulse of the intestines to move ingested food and eliminate waste products). What makes this product unique is that it also supports the action of the liver and gallbladder in the digestive process, rather than merely providing bulking material or herbs that can irritate the colon lining and cause purging. Smooth BM Gold supports healthy elimination even if an animal's energy is depleted and will not further deplete strength (which can happen if too many soft or runny stools happen). The ingredients are considered to provide nutritive value and can be used long-term.

Can my cat take Smooth BM Gold with medications?

Do not give Smooth BM Gold if your pet is taking medications for diarrhea (contradictory action).

Are there any precautions?

Safe use in pregnant animals or animals intended for breeding has not been proven. If animal's condition worsens or does not improve, stop product administration and consult your veterinarian. Do not use if your cat has diarrhea. An examination from a veterinarian is recommended prior to using this product.

How long does it take before I see results?

Smooth BM Gold should start working quickly. Just as soon as the ingredients can pass through your pet's gastrointestinal system.

Does Smooth BM Gold cause any side effects?

There are no known side effects. However, do not give Smooth BM Gold to your cat if she is pregnant, or if you know he/she has a bowel obstruction or any disease that creates a narrowing anywhere in the digestive tract.

Is it difficult to administer?

No. Smooth BM Gold is enhanced with delicious, natural bacon flavor. We recommend administration of the drops in a way that your cat will like best. (ie: direct orally, on food or a treat)

Why choose Smooth BM Gold for my feline friend?

• Certified organic: This formula is entirely prepared from organically grown herbs.
• Good Manufacturing Practices: All our formulas are manufactured in a facility that adheres to Good Manufacturing Practices.
• Full Spectrum Extract: The full biochemical spectrum of the herbs is preserved to ensure the potency of the extract. All raw materials are tested for identification and purity.
• Every batch tested: Every batch of our Smooth BM Gold is tested to ensure the highest quality and potency. Every single batch.
• FDA-Registered Facility: Our manufacturing facility is FDA-registered. Strict quality control procedures are meticulously monitored.
• FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidelines: PetWellbeing.com complies with the provisions of the CVM's good guidance practices for pet dietary supplements. All ingredients and caution statements adhere to these national guidelines.
• It's Guaranteed: In addition to the superior quality of our products, you are also protected by our 90 day money-back guarantee.

Who makes Smooth BM Gold?

Smooth BM Gold is made by PetWellbeing.com, founded in 2001.

Our goal? To bring the wisdom and experience of our caring holistic veterinarians to your pet. When your pet is healthy; you are happy.

To fulfill our vision, our on-staff, holistic veterinarians have developed formulas using time-honored, traditional uses of herbs and integrated the latest scientific research. It is our aim to produce the best products for your pet that we can.

What is Dandelion root?

Most of us are familiar with this herb as an annoying weed in the garden, but its use in recorded traditional medicine dates back to the 7th century. Both the leaf and the root are used, although their properties are quite different from each other. 

The properties of Dandelion root include:

• Liver support
• Digestion (appetite, bile secretion, gas, indigestion)
• Cardiovascular support (supporting the liver is important in cases of heart disease)
• Blood sugar maintenance
• Immune support (supports normal responses to viral infections)

A Healthy Liver: Supporting you cat's liver can go a long way in contributing to a long and healthy life, even if your feline is not showing signs of liver problems.

Even felines without liver disease may need support to metabolize and excrete prescription medications and environmental chemicals which are often damaging to the liver. Cats tend to come into contact with more harmful chemicals and pesticide residues than humans.

Good Digestion: Dandelion root has been used extensively as a cholagogue, meaning that it helps support normal bile flow during digestion. This helps the breakdown and assimilation of foods. Dandelion root supports the production of liver enzymes that metabolize toxins in the body so they can be excreted. It also supports the gut by providing a high percentage of inulin. Inulin is a prebiotic that helps maintain healthy flora, like strains of bidifobacteria, essential for good digestion and the immune system. Dandelion root is one of the world's best digestive "tonics".

The Heart: Some of the chemical constituents of Dandelion root help maintain normal blood pressure and good circulation. It is also high in several minerals that contribute to a good electrolyte balance. A well-functioning liver is important for cats with heart disease.

Blood Sugar: Dandelion root has also been studied for its ability to support normal, healthy insulin levels. The addition of Dandelion root to your cat's health regime is a great way to help maintain stable blood sugar levels.

Pet Wellbeing's Dandelion root is glycerin-based and safe for cats. Never give an alcohol-based product to your cat.

Healthy Nutrition Tip for Your Cat's Liver & Digestion

Processed foods stress your cat’s liver as it attempts to detoxify the preservatives and other additives like artificial flavors and colors. It's good to check out the quality of the meat that goes into making your cat's food. Avoid grains and focus on healthy proteins from free-range, grass-fed animals. Green foods will help detoxify your feline's liver, such as those you will find in Pet Wellbeing's SPARK. Expect your cat’s moods to be lifted as well! SPARK is a veterinarian-formulated, daily nutritional supplement for cats of all ages.

Why choose Pet Wellbeing Dandelion Root for my feline friend?

• Certified organic and ethically wild-harvested:  This formula is entirely prepared from organically grown and ethically wild-harvested herbs.  No endangered plants were used so that wild plant populations remain protected.
• Good Manufacturing Practices:  All of our formulas are manufactured in a facility that adheres to Good Manufacturing Practices.
• Full Spectrum Extract:  The full biochemical spectrum of the herbs is preserved to ensure the potency of the extract.  All raw materials are tested for identification and purity.
• Every batch tested:  Every batch of our Dandelion Root is tested to ensure the highest quality and potency.  Every single batch.
• FDA Registered Facility:  Our manufacturing facility is FDA Registered.  Strict quality control procedures are meticulously monitored.
• FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidelines:  PetWellbeing.com complies with the provisions of the CVM's good guidance practices for pet dietary supplements.  All ingredients and caution statements adhere to these national guidelines.
• It's Guaranteed:  In addition to the superior quality of our products, you are also protected by our 90 day money-back guarantee.

Who makes Dandelion Root for Cats?

This product is made by PetWellbeing.com, founded in 2001.

Our goal? To bring the wisdom and experience of our caring holistic veterinarians to your pet. When your pet is healthy; you are happy.

To fulfill our vision, our on staff, holistic veterinarians have developed formulas using time-honored, traditional uses of herbs and integrated the latest scientific research. It is our aim to produce the best products for your pet that we can.

What is Detox Gold?

Based on our original Life Gold formula, Detox Gold was reformulated specifically for supporting the body's normal channels of detoxification.

The natural ingredients in Detox Gold help a cat's body systems to get rid of unwanted matter (i.e. detoxify). Unhealthy substances can enter the body in food (preservatives and other chemicals), from the environment (herbicides/pesticides in gardens and lawns, or air pollution) and even from products we use in our homes.

Systems and organs of elimination include the liver, the GI tract, the lymph, lungs, the skin and the kidneys. Normal, everyday exposure to toxins in our environments, food chemicals, and medications are all materials that are processed by and need to be eliminated by the body. In addition, some cats' habit of scavenging or drinking from road puddles compounds the toxic load. One organ of detoxification that isn't often considered is the skin. Common sensitivities to foods or environmental conditions may show up on the skin.

Detox Gold supports your feline's long-term vitality, especially if he or she experiences sensitivities to foods or environmental substances. You may not even know what your cat is sensitive to. It's not usually easy to figure out.

Keeping your pet healthy by detoxifying 

Our pets are exposed to far more pollutants than we are. Inside and outside, they live closer to the ground than we do. So they inhale pesticides, insecticides, fertilizers, and pollutants. In the home, they are breathing in the residues of cleaning products, detergents and dust. They also pick these toxins up on their paws, which they then lick, transferring them into their gastrointestinal systems. Furthermore, many commercial cat foods contain large numbers of chemical preservatives, artificial colors and flavors, as well as fillers that our felines can’t digest. The result of our pets being exposed to all these toxins is that veterinarians are regularly reporting illnesses that were rarely seen a generation ago. Normal immune system responses can become overwhelmed by the accumulation of toxins. A breakdown in the immune system allows invading microorganisms to proliferate, resulting in illness. Common symptoms of toxified animals include:

• Skin rashes and recurrent infections
• Constipation and diarrhea
• Urinary tract infections
• Tumors
• Liver problems
• Kidney problems
• Respiratory problems

Periodic detoxification, as a matter of course, may help to prevent the accumulation of toxic materials in a cat's body, and support the organs of elimination. A cleansing period is like giving the body a "tune-up". You wouldn't expect your car to function well without a tune-up, and the body is the same. A long, healthy life is the result of treating the body well.

Who makes Detox Gold?

Detox Gold is made by PetWellbeing.com, founded in 2001.  Our goal? To bring the wisdom and experience of our caring holistic veterinarians to your pet.  When your pet is healthy; you're happy.

To fulfill our vision, our on-staff, holistic veterinarians have developed formulas using time-honored, traditional uses of herbs, and integrated the latest scientific research.  It is our aim to produce the best products for your pet that we can.

Will Detox Gold really help my pet?

Depending on the current health status of your pet, there may or may not be noticeable changes. Detox Gold works to support and maintain the organs of elimination without harsh purging or stimulation. Gentle detoxification is a process that works over days and weeks to restore a balanced state of health. In older felines or cats with long-standing health issues, there may be a more noticeable change and increase in vitality.

How long does it take before I see results?

Most pet owners that we have heard from reported they have noticed changes in their pet’s health after about a month or so. A detoxification process for a cat should not occur quickly or with dramatic purging like urgent bowel movements! This would undoubtedly leave the cat feeling sick, uncomfortable, and depleted of energy. Detox Gold does not induce purging of any sort.

Should I consult my veterinarian before using it?

If your vet is prescribing other treatment, it is always good to consult with her or him before administering other products or supplements to your cat.

Does it come with a guarantee?

Yes!  Detox Gold comes with a 90-day money-back guarantee.

Why choose Detox Gold for your feline friend?

• Certified organic and ethically wild-harvested:  This formula is entirely prepared from organically grown and wild-harvested herbs collected ethically in the wild to ensure the future populations of the species.
• Good Manufacturing Practices:  All of our formulas are manufactured in a facility that adheres to Good Manufacturing Practices.
• Full Sprectrum Extract:  The full biochemical spectrum of the herbs is preserved  to ensure the potency of the extract.  All raw materials are tested for identification and purity.
• Every batch tested:  Every batch of our Detox Gold is tested to ensure the highest quality and potency.  Every single batch.
• FDA-Registered Facility:  Our manufacturing facility is FDA-registered.  Strict quality control procedures are meticulously monitored.
• FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidelines:  PetWellbeing.com complies with the provisions of the CVM's good guidance practices for pet dietary supplements.  All ingredients and caution statements adhere to these national guidelines.
• It's Guaranteed:  In addition to the superior quality of our products, you are also protected by our 90-day money-back guarantee.

What is Hairball Gold? 

Hairball Gold is a natural liquid intended to help your feline manage hairballs. Plant-based ingredients high in mucilage content (naturally viscous) are combined with other herbs that assist normal elimination through the bowels and help the stomach feel comfortable. All botanical materials are extracted into a healthy base medium chain triglyceride oil, a product shown to be beneficial for general health in humans and animals.

What is Hairball Gold used for? 

Felines routinely have to manage the hair they ingest. Their careful grooming results in the consumption of hair that needs to then pass through the digestive tract and be excreted in the stool.

Hair is not a substance that can be broken down and digested. If enough hair collects in the GI tract and there is inadequate moisture and lubrication to help it pass through, your cat may attempt to vomit or heave up the offending mass. If the mass only partially travels through the digestive tract, it can cause an obstruction. This is very uncomfortable for the cat and can have serious implications if the mass does not eventually pass through. The cat may also heave or retch for long periods of time in attempts to dislodge the hairball.

Several things can help your feline manage the hair he/she ingests. Moisture in the diet is one. Cats that only receive dry food have less moisture in the GI tract than cats that eat wet food or a raw food diet. Be sure you feline has continual access to fresh water.

Regular brushing and providing adequate moisture and fiber in the diet are good ways to help your cat manage hair in the GI tract. Sometimes that is not enough. Hairball Gold will provide a safe and natural way to lubricate the pathway, aiding comfortable hairball excretion.

This formula was devised by our holistic veterinarian, without mineral oil or petroleum products, providing an alternative to the standard commercial products. It not only contains herbal sources of natural lubrication for the GI tract, it will help the stomach feel comfortable and also assist with normal elimination.

Hairball Gold can be administered for general maintenance (particularly for felines with long hair) and/or for active episodes when you see your cat attempting to forcibly cough up a hairball.

A Note from our Veterinarian...

Most of the time, your cat will be able to dislodge a hairball with the help of Hairball Gold. The normal result will be that the hairball continues its passage through the digestive tract and becomes part of the stool.

If the hairball is already large and difficult to pass, it may remain in the GI tract, obstructing the passage of food and waste. Intestinal obstruction becomes a life-threatening situation so it is wise to know the signs and symptoms and be able to recognize a problem, should it occur. Sometimes the signs of an obstruction are inconclusive and may resemble other health conditions.

Your pet may retch continually without producing a hairball. He/she may vomit because food cannot pass through the intestines. Look for signs of visible discomfort, diarrhea or lack of stool, lethargy, weight loss and/or fever.

Besides hairball obstruction in the GI tract, our feline friends also sometimes swallow other items around the house like yarn or thread. If you suspect your cat has a blockage, seek the help of your veterinarian immediately.

Can my cat take Hairball Gold with medications?

Absorption of drugs may be delayed if taken at the same time (due to Slippery Elm and Marshmallow). Use with caution in cardiac or kidney conditions or if taking steroid medication (obligatory statement due to Licorice content).

Why choose Hairball Gold for my feline friend?

• Certified organic:  This formula is entirely prepared from organically grown herbs.
• Good Manufacturing Practices: All our formulas are manufactured in a facility that adheres to Good Manufacturing Practices.
• Full Spectrum Extract:  The full biochemical spectrum of the herbs is preserved to ensure the potency of the extract. All raw materials are tested for identification and purity.
• Every batch tested:  Every batch of our Hairball Gold is tested to ensure the highest quality and potency. Every single batch.
• FDA-Registered Facility:  Our manufacturing facility is FDA-registered. Strict quality control procedures are meticulously monitored.
• FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine Guidelines: PetWellbeing.com complies with the provisions of the CVM's good guidance practices for pet dietary supplements. All ingredients and caution statements adhere to these national guidelines.
• It's Guaranteed: In addition to the superior quality of our products, you are also protected by our 90 day money-back guarantee.

Who makes Hairball Gold?

Hairball Gold is made by PetWellbeing.com, founded in 2001.

Our goal? To bring the wisdom and experience of our caring holistic veterinarians to your pet. When your pet is healthy; you are happy.

To fulfill our vision, our on-staff, holistic veterinarians have developed formulas using time-honored, traditional uses of herbs and integrated the latest scientific research. It is our aim to produce the best products for your pet that we can.

What is our Ultimate Probiotic?

This is a high potency probiotic supplement for pets, supplying seven different strains of probiotics with added prebiotics. Ultimate Probiotic contains beneficial strains specific for dogs and cats, at a highly effective potency.

Beneficial bacteria exist throughout the bodies of humans and animals. They are vital to our existence and regulate numerous physiological processes. These organisms are passed from a mother to the offspring during birth and begin to populate the body inside and out, including the mucosa of the digestive tract and the layers of the skin. Throughout life, there are many things we come into contact with that can harm this microbiome or microflora, as it is sometimes called. Stressors can include medications, infections, environmental toxins and unhealthy foods.

Ingesting beneficial bacteria through foods and supplements supports the microbiome to stay strong and healthy. Probiotic bacteria are a normal and necessary part of the body's defence against harmful pathogens. Without these beneficial bacteria, the body is less resistant to infections, has difficulty digesting foods and displays less neurological stability.

Be sure when comparing the strengths of different probiotic supplements, that you are comparing the same milligrams or grams. Ultimate Probiotic guarantees the viability of the healthy bacterial strains until the date of expiry at 5 billion CFU (organisms) per 500 milligrams (equivalent to 10 billion CFU per gram).

FOS (Fructooligosaccharides) are added as a prebiotic and soluble fiber to support the health of the probiotics in the capsule as well as the beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract.

Ultimate Probiotic is encapsulated to ensure maximum freshness of each dose.

What is Ultimate Probiotic used for?

Increasing research demonstrates just how important a healthy balance of intestinal bacteria really is. Of all the cells that comprise the immune system, approximately 70% of those cells are located in the intestines. When pathogens are orally introduced into the body, the cells in the gut provide a major part of the body's natural defences and ability to fight harmful bacteria and viruses. This is true for humans as well as animals. Put simply, healthy gut flora help maintain a strong immune system.

The key to maintaining a healthy balance of flora is to incorporate probiotics into a daily regimen and/or make probiotic-rich foods part of a regular diet. Probiotics are found in lacto-fermented foods, such as fermented sauerkraut (i.e. not the kind made with vinegar or wine). Fermented dairy products such as unsweetened yogurt and kefir also help supply the body with beneficial bacteria.

Why do so many animals require probiotics for optimal health? As mentioned, the factors that can damage this vital microbiome in the digestive tract range from unhealthy foods to environmental toxins to medications. A single course of antibiotic treatment, though sometimes absolutely necessary, can wipe out the intended harmful bacteria it is meant to destroy but also the beneficial bacteria, leaving the body vulnerable to recurring infections, digestive problems, allergies and more.

Besides the maintenance of good health, there are many conditions that benefit from the use of probiotics:

• Sensitivities, particularly diet-related
• Immunity
• Bowel health and Digestion
• Urinary tract
• Skin disorders
• Physical and emotional stress
• Anxiety
• Before and after kennel boarding
• Diet change
• If taking medications, especially antibiotics

Always seek the consultation of your veterinarian, as needed.

A Note from our Veterinarian...

I can't stress enough the importance of regular feeding of probiotics to your cat. It might help to think of probiotics as a food and in many ways. They are a part of food that most people eat very little of in their modern diets and something cats receive little to none of, unless your cat enjoys regular servings of fermented sauerkraut. I know my cat doesn't!

Probiotics are safe and effective and Pet Wellbeing's Ultimate Probiotic supplies the correct strains, in the correct potency, to deliver a comprehensive product. Unfortunately, there are too many probiotic products available that offer a shortage of strains (or strains that may not be very useful to pets) in less than ideal quantities. Ultimate Probiotic supplies 10 billion organisms per gram (5 billion per 500mg capsule). The capsule delivery allows for increased product freshness (less oxygen exposure when opening the container) and portability for travel (i.e. no need to carry the whole container with you).

Ultimate Probiotic is shelf-stable but will remain fresher if refrigerated after opening.

Probiotics are easily mixed with food, although most cats will happily lick the powder up, given the naturally pleasant taste. Probiotics are ideally given after a meal but really can be given at any time, including with food. It is far better to feed at any time of day, than not at all, including on an empty stomach. There will be no issues tolerating probiotics on an empty stomach.

My recommendation is to incorporate probiotics into your pet's diet any time and not wait until there is a big need. It is some of the best insurance you can provide for the future health of your pet.

Can my cat take Ultimate Probiotic with prescription drugs?

As a general rule, it is not recommended to administer anything else if you give your cat blood thinners.

Does it come with a guarantee?

Yes! Ultimate Probiotic comes with a 90 day, money-back guarantee.

Why choose Ultimate Probiotic?

• Selectively chosen ingredients:  This formula is entirely prepared from ingredients from trusted sources only.
• Every batch tested:  All raw materials are tested for identification and purity. Every batch of our Ultimate Probiotic is tested to ensure the highest quality and purity. Every single batch.
• GMP Facility:  Nationally recognized quality control procedures are meticulously monitored. Our customers are protected because we ensure that the highest standards of manufacturing are strictly adhered to.
• It's Guaranteed:  In addition to the superior quality of our products, you are also protected by our 90 day money back guarantee.
• Manufactured in the United States

Who makes Ultimate Probiotic?

Ultimate Probiotic is made by Pet Wellbeing, founded in 2001. Our goal? To bring the wisdom and experience of our caring holistic veterinarians to your pet. When your pet is healthy, you're happy.

To fulfill our vision, our on-staff, holistic veterinarians have developed formulas using time-honored, traditional uses of herbs and integrated the latest scientific research. It is our aim to produce the best products for your pet that we can.

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product and information is not intended to diagnose, treat, mitigate or prevent any disease or condition.